Critical accounting theory

Basic bookkeeping hypothesis Presentation There are a few reasons there is nobody all around acknowledged hypothesis of bookkeeping. The reasons are of two sorts. The first is philosophical. The second is useful. This article talks about each of these. It at that point gives models from bookkeeping hypothesis. Philosophical reasons The announcement There is no generally acknowledged bookkeeping hypothesis is valid by definition. Logical comprehension of the term hypothesis denies that any hypothesis can be all around acknowledged. As indicated by Popper (e.g., 2002a, 2002b), speculations are guesses that are scrutinized. In the event that they are disproved by the test, they are either dismissed or refined. On the off chance that they are not invalidated, they remain speculations (not realities). They are then put to additionally tests, and are additionally refined. With the end goal for this to continue, there must exist rival speculations. Along these lines, hypotheses contend in a procedure of Darwinian determination. The hypotheses never get to reality, yet they get logically nearer. This is the principal reason there is no generally acknowledged hypothesis of bookkeeping. On the off chance that there were an all around acknowledged hypothesis of bookkeeping, it wouldnt be a hypothesis. It would be something different. Notice that, as per Popper, no hypothesis ever shows up at certain information. The best any hypothesis can do is shorten obliviousness. In addition, if researchers somehow happened to find a genuine hypothesis, there would be no chance they could realize it was valid, so there would even now be contending speculations. This last point needs elaboration. Gã ¶dels deficiency hypotheses (see, e.g., Hofstadter, 1979) exhibit that, in any arrangement of rationale sufficiently rich to contain formal number-crunching there exists an endless number of articulations that are valid yet that are inconceivable, on a basic level, for the framework to know to be valid. This implies, in down to earth terms, that in any unpredictable framework for instance, a financial framework there exist answers for issues that are known by the framework, however are not known by any person inside it. This is valued by driving business analysts (e.g., Hayek, 1979). Further, given that there exist typically vastly more off-base answers for issues than right answers for issues, any endeavor to take care of such issues by diktat is interminably bound to prompt disappointment than to progress. As respects financial matters, this drove Hayek (1944) to his embrace of the free market. As respects hypothesis in science, it implies tha t any endeavor to force a solitary hypothesis on anything is probably going to prompt a genuinely off-base hypothesis. This is another purpose behind accepting there can be no generally acknowledged hypothesis of bookkeeping. Any generally acknowledged hypothesis must be all around acknowledged whether it were forced by diktat, and, in the event that it were forced by diktat, it would of need in all probability not be right. In this manner it would offer ascent to an adversary hypothesis. Identified with this, Feyerabend (1996) contends that there is nothing of the sort as a solitary logical technique, and that any endeavor to force one is counter-gainful. Feyerabends theory of science is summed up as anything goes. This, gives another motivation to there being no single hypothesis of bookkeeping. In the event that there can be no generally acknowledged technique, there can be no all around acknowledged hypothesis. There are two well known perspectives on science that are in struggle with Poppers viewpoint: positivism and postmodernism. Positivism is the way of thinking, related with Ayer (1946) that says that the main significant proclamations are those that are valid by rationale and those that might be checked by perception. This is the confirmation standard. The primary issue with the check rule is that it is neither a reality of rationale nor an experimentally obvious truth, subsequently by its own terms it is insignificant. The subsequent issue is that in infers science continues inductively. However, inductive rationale (making general inferences from explicit cases) is defective: a million perceptions of white swans, for instance, doesn't show that all swans are white (in fact, they arent: a few swans are dark). Postmodernism is the way of thinking that the truth is socially built. So what is genuine to one individual might be stunning to another. At a unimportant level, this is valid, for various individuals see very similar things in various manners. It is likewise obvious that, truly, science advanced in certain cases by changes in world view, or worldview (Kuhn, 1996). In any case, this is an inquiry a greater amount of the humanism of science, not of philosophy. What's more, taken actually postmodernism is foolish. It prompts the end that there is nothing of the sort as the real world. The commonness of contending ways of thinking of science-Popperism, positivism, and postmodernism-gives another motivation to there being no all around acknowledged hypothesis of bookkeeping. There is no all around acknowledged perspective on what comprises reality. Hence one ought to expect there to be various speculations of bookkeeping, each with its framework of supporters. Handy reasons There are three purposes for any hypothesis of bookkeeping, and each sets various expectations for the hypothesis. The first is that bookkeeping ought to give the best data about a companys position. Such a hypothesis is prescriptive, in that it proposes how best bookkeepers should carry out their specialty. Such a perspective is supposed to be regulating. A regulating hypothesis is one that states what is best practice. A hypothesis of bookkeeping may likewise try to depict what bookkeepers do. Any science must incorporate exact portrayals. It is coherently workable for an analyst to cling to an enlightening hypothesis yet weep over the way that bookkeepers dont follow what the scientist considers the right (i.e., regularizing) practice. There is another angle to expressive speculations. Until the appearance of modest PCs, there was no chance that analysts could break down immense assortments of information. Additionally, all the time the information were inaccessible (Gaffikin), 2008). PCs have changed this. This is another explanation behind accepting there is no all around acknowledged hypothesis of bookkeeping. An illustrative hypothesis is just tantamount to the information took care of into it. Be that as it may, it is difficult to dissect all the information, just various squares of information. Various squares may offer ascent to various portrayals. In portraying how bookkeepers carry on, specialists must assemble proof. Be that as it may, what proof? Furthermore, in what capacity should specialists accumulate it? Positivists will in general utilize quantitative information. These are information that are, apparently objective, and might be communicated numerically and controlled factually. Organization marketing projections are a model. Postmodernists will in general utilize subjective information. These are information that make no case to objectivity and are hard to communicate numerically. The discoveries of unstructured meetings feelings, impressions, etc are instances of subjective information. Along these lines, in any event, when given a similar proof, various analysts may arrive at various resolutions. This is another explanation there is no all around acknowledged hypothesis of bookkeeping. A hypothesis of bookkeeping can try to clarify. Such speculations are logical in the Popperian sense, for they might be discredited. It is sensibly feasible for a scientist to accept that Theory 1 is the best illustrative hypothesis, Theory 2 is the best graphic hypothesis, and Theory 3 is the best regularizing hypothesis. In this manner again there are numerous speculations of bookkeeping. Any scientist may buy in to three distinct speculations, and do as such without being conflicting. Practically speaking, the differentiation between regularizing, enlightening, and logical speculations is obscured. Any hypothesis of one sort may have highlights of the others. Model speculations This segment considers talks about two model speculations. Hypothesis 1: Positive bookkeeping hypothesis There are a few issues with regularizing hypothesis. One concerns what to enter. Think about resources. A bookkeeper doesn't have a clue how much a companys resources are worth. So the bookkeeper utilizes one of a few pointers (authentic expense, for example). The bookkeeper should likewise evaluate how much resources deteriorate. Bookkeepers use calculations to compute deterioration normally, straight line devaluation to such an extent that benefits become useless following three years. Such calculations are just extensively exact. Such contemplations drove Watts and Zimmerman (1978) to create positive bookkeeping hypothesis. The hypothesis is to some extent enlightening, in that it states what certifiable bookkeepers do, and to some degree illustrative, in that it indicates to clarify why bookkeepers act in the manner they do. The hypothesis says, in actuality, that organization accounts don't accord with the real world. Rather, they accord with what incredible interests (partners, investors, administrators) need others to see as the real world. The hypothesis makes two suspicions: Homo economicus. This states three things. To begin with, individuals are completely normal. Second, individuals act just out of personal responsibility. Third, individuals act just to amplify their riches. The productive market speculation (EMH). This expresses, left to its own gadgets (i.e., if unregulated), the market conveys an ideal cost for any great or administration. The EMH states that costs accord with all accessible data. The explanation positive bookkeeping hypothesis makes these presumptions is that, without them, it is hard to make quantifiable expectations, yet with them it is moderately simple. Accordingly, for instance, with them one can anticipate organizations in a single specific condition will lean toward an alternate type of bookkeeping from organizations in another kind of condition. In this manner, for instance, Watts and Zimmerman (1978) anticipate that organizations whose profit are expanded by general value level balanced bookkeeping (GPLA) will restrict GPLA, yet firms whose income are diminished by GPLA will support it. However, the idea of H. economicus is risky a few people are unintelligent, some are selfless, etc (Lunn, refered to in Clark, 2008), The EMH is additionally disagreeable. A few financial experts acknowledge it, others dont. The EMH is additionally unclear. On the off chance that the market is productive, the EMH doesnt state to what extent it takes to arrive at a choice Also, if the EMH were valid, arbitrag

Career as an Electronic Publishing Specialist Essay -- electronic books

Since the mid 2000’s, there has been a solid drive toward electronic distributing, with advanced adaptations of books, periodicals, bibliographic databases and other data in computerized positions, out selling and outflanking their simple partners, in view of research performed by Milena Milanova of Sofia University. The lapsing plan of action distributers use, which depends on assembling forms, deals channel, and strategic approaches, is quickly changing because of the presentation of the advanced upheaval. This insurgency has made new media innovations that make it simpler to get to recently printed material,now evaluated electronically. The main impetus behind this upset, is the expansion being used by buyers of medium used to get to this data, for example, tablets, tablets, PCs, mobile phones, and distributed computing. With the expansion utilization of electronic distributions, there is an expanded requirement for electronic distribution pros to make these distributions, this is another and developing vocation accompanies new position duties, capabilities and gaining potential. Electronic distributing masters work with a different gathering of experts including printing pros, examiners, visual architects, web engineers, mixed media authorities, processing bolster authorities, and picture takers. Anyway the electronic distributing masters are at last answerable for working with this gathering to deal with the transformation of substance, perform quality confirmation checks, code new duplicate, and control the code required to make computerized distributions. Also, they are answerable for planning and following advanced distributions, following and keeping up work process and procedure documentation, and filing projects.... ...identified with electronic distributing, this is only the one of the first made, anyway as the need develops so will the positions and offices. Works Cited Cental Intelligence Agency. â€Å"Electronic Publishing Specialist† CIA.gov. CIA.gov 27 April. 2007. Web. 27 February 2014. MyMajors.com. â€Å"Electronic Publishing Specialist† Mymajors.com. Mymajors.com 5 May. 2011. Web. 8 March 2014. Agency of Labor Statistics. â€Å"Desktop Publishers† Bls.gov. Bls.gov/ooh. 8 Jan. 2014. Web. 7 March 2014. Milena Milanova. â€Å"E-Publishing and its History and its Latest Developments† Lis.uw.edu. Lis.uw.edu.pl. 28 Jul. 2012. Web. 16 February 2014. Tallahassee Community College. â€Å"Desktop Publishers† Tcc.fl.edu. Tcc.fl.edu. 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 7 March 2014. CACI International. â€Å"Electronic Publishing Specialist - Developmental Job† C. Caci.jobs. Caci.jobs 11 Mar. 2014. Web. 14 March 2014.

What is New Student Registration

What is New Student Registration I hope you all are getting excited to finish out your semesters strong and to join our Illinois community! One of the most important steps in this process that you will find on your Admitted Student Checklist is to sign up for and attend New Student Registration. This is a mandatory program for all incoming freshmen transfer students, so you may be thinking New Student Registration is a program during which you will meet with your academic advisor, register for your fall courses, meet new classmates, tour campus, and more! Participating in the program is required of all new students. If you live within 500 miles of campus, this is a mandatory on-campus program. If you live more than 500 miles from campus, you are able to participate in registration online, but you also have the option of coming to campus to join in on the fun! If you are a freshman student, most programs take place in the month of June, so keep that in mind when planning your summers. If you are a transfer student, there is one full-week of programs for transfer students May 20-24 and other programs throughout June. On-Campus Registration: Attending New Student Registration is an exciting step on your journey to becoming an official Illini. While registering for your fall courses is most important, there are so many other exciting opportunities during the program, as well. After you check in, you will be able to visit with many different campus departments and resources during the Campus Resources Fair. This is a great time to grab some free breakfast, ask questions you may have about campus, and get some free stuff! After the Resources Fair, you will attend a welcome presentation that includes information from the Office of Undergraduate Admissions, the Office of Student Financial Aid, and University Student Financial Services Cashier Operations (the billing office!) This presentation will include lots of helpful information for you and your guests. After the welcome, you and your guests will go to a college meeting during which you will meet with the academic college to which you have been admitted and learn more about college resources, expectations, etc. From there, you will meet with your academic advisor or department to discuss course offerings and your fall schedule. While you are meeting with your advisor, your guests will have separate programming to attend. You and your guests can meet back up at lunch at the Ikenberry Commons â€" our students’ favorite dining hall â€" to grab some great food and ice cream before you head back to meet with your college to actually register for your fall courses â€" exciting! While you are registering for courses, your guests will have the opportunity to learn more about resources such as Parent Family Programs, University Housing, and Campus Safety. Once you have registered for your courses, you are officially an Illini student! After you have your schedule, our student staff will be able to show you around campus during campus tours or classroom tours. This is a great way to see where all of your classes are located, see where your residence hall is located, and really start to see what your life on campus will look like! Additionally, you can visit with athletics to purchase your season tickets, head to the Illini Union Bookstore to purchase some Illini gear, and get your student ID card (or i-Card)! Registration provides a full day for you to spend on campus taking care of important business while also spending some time exploring this wonderful community. Online Registration: If you will be participating in online registration, the way the program is conducted will vary by college. After signing up for an online program, you will receive more information from your academic college with information about how you will be meeting virtually with your advisor. During online registration, you will be able to meet with your academic advisor and discuss your academic and career goals, interests, and course options. You will register for fall courses, as well. Online registration is a great way to connect with your advisor and ask questions you may have about your academic program and campus. Be assured that you will have so many opportunities to learn more about campus resources and meet fellow classmates during Welcome Days once you are on campus in the fall! You can start imagining yourself in your class picture now! Next Steps: Now you know what New Student Registration is, I hope you are excited to sign up! Once you have accepted your offer of admission, you are able to sign up for a registration program through your Admitted Student Checklist on your myIllini account. Before you attend registration, make sure to take care of these important items: Complete your college homework and take your placement exams two weeks before you participate in registration. Both of these become available through your Admitted Student Checklist on May 1. College homework and your placement exam results really help your advisor get to know you and your interests/goals and determine what courses would be best for you!Send AP scores and/or IB scores directly from the testing agency to campus. AP scores need to be sent to the Office of Undergraduate Admissions, while IB scores need to be sent to the Office of Measurement and Evaluation. You and your advisor will discuss your known or predicted AP/IB scores while finalizing your fall schedule. If you have any more questions about New Student Registration, check out our FAQ page or contact or office by calling (217) 333-0302 or emailing admissions@illinois.edu. We cannot wait to meet you this summer and welcome you to Illinois! Katie Admissions Counselor I coordinate our New Student Registration programming and telecounseling efforts. I grew up in Homer Glen, a southwest suburb of Chicago. I earned my bachelor's degree in Psychology from Bradley University and my master’s degree in Higher Education and Educational Administration from Southern Illinois University Carbondale.

H.G. Wells ‘The Red Room’ and ‘The Cone’ Essay - 1059 Words

H.G. Wells: ‘The Red Room’ and ‘The Cone’ The short stories ‘The Red Room’ and ‘The Cone’ by HG Wells both heavily feature tension and suspense. The author of the two stories, HG Wells, uses a number of techniques to create this mood and atmosphere to keep his readers interested. HG Wells immediately creates an air of mystery from the outset of ‘The Red Room’ when he introduces the ‘man with the withered arm’. This grotesque description of the man’s features, combined with his ambiguity due to having no name given to him, helps create this air of mystery and suspense. The term ‘tangible ghost’ helps create suspense too, as you normally associate the term ‘ghost’ with the supernatural, which†¦show more content†¦This imagery draws the reader in as you visualise this sudden, paranormal ‘illumination’, lighting the room, creating a mysterious atmosphere and a tense anticipation in the reader due to this description of the setting. HG Wells, however, uses a different technique to create a suspenseful mood in ‘The Cone’ by using his descriptions of the setting to foreshadow the climax of the story. He describes the ‘big ironworks’ as a ‘turmoil of flames and seething molten iron’, foreshadowing to the murder of Raut when he is in ‘turmoil’ himself and falls into the furnace and is engulfed in a ‘swift breath of flame’. The constant reference to ‘fire’ and ‘flame’ sets a nervous expectation within the reader that the fire of the furnace is going to have some sort of play in the outcome of the story. Another way in which Wells generates a suspenseful mood and atmosphere is through his use of dialogue. When HG Wells has the narrator of ‘The Red Room’ say ‘There is neither ghost of Earl nor ghost of Countess in that room, there is no ghost there at all; but worse, far worse –‘. This creates a tense feeling within the reader because you wonder what could this thing worse than a ghost be. This example of Wells’ use of dialogue adds to the air of mystery of ‘The Red Room’, as the way in which the narrator conveys his point is very mysterious to a Twenty-First CenturyShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Red Room and The Cone by H.G. Wells1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe Red Room and The Cone by H.G. Wells Both stories are Gothic mystery stories and were written around the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century. These sorts of stories usually have a setting of a dark, abandoned and scary place. The Red Room is about a young man who visits a castle and feels he must spend a night in a mysterious room that is suspected to be haunted. The Cone is about a woman having an affair with a man called Raut. The story is based around the husbandRead More Tension in The Red Room, The Cone and The Superstitious Mans Story3113 Words   |  13 PagesTension in The Red Room, The Cone and The Superstitious Mans Story The Red Room, The Cone and The Superstitious Mans Story are all short stories which were written before 1914. The Red Room and The Cone were both written by H.G. Wells and The Superstitious Mans Story was written by Thomas Hardy. All three of these stories were written in Victorian Times (1837-1901). These were years of great scientific and technological developments. The authors of the three stories show usRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 Pagestheir families turned more and more to these state and local public welfare systems but these were far too underdeveloped to cope, particularly as tax revenues were falling and budgets needed to be met. Workers also turned to private charities such as Red Cross and Salvation Army†¦ Charity ‘soup kitchens’ established – long queues of hungry men in every city. Millions of workers searching for work across US Nearly 2 million workers essentially began living as nomads, travelling to different cities

Concept of Terrorism - 2019 Words

Are You Countering Terrorism? Introduction To The Series†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Protecting the public remains the highest priority of the Police Service but the growth of international terrorism over recent years has resulted in the publics’ protection being severely threatened. No community is immune from the global reach of international terrorism and the UK is a prime target for Al-Qaida and its affiliates. It is therefore necessary that police colleagues have an awareness of counter terrorism issues. The way in which we police terrorism is developing in response to the enduring threat. This area of policing is no longer the sole responsibility of specialist departments, we all have a part to†¦show more content†¦Terrorism can be classified into six broad categories which includes Political, Religious, Ideological, Nationalist, State-sponsored and Single-issue. We will address each of these categories as follows; Political Religious terrorism perceives to act upon orders of a higher or divine authority. They are often the most violent and robust of terrorism organisations as they believe their actions are sanctioned by this higher authority. They believe that their actions are morally justified and that they will be vindicated of any wrong doing when carrying out orders in pursuit of their objectives. Ideological terrorism and extremism seeks to change the entire social, economic and political systems of a country. They are violent individuals and groups who can come from either the extreme left-wing or extreme right-wing of the political spectrum. Ideological terrorism objectives are set very high and attempt to achieve a great deal. In order to achieve these objectives it often requires a full social revolution to take place and the term ‘social-revolutionary’ is often used to describe this grouping. 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At its core, domestic terrorism differs from any other type of terrorism in the sense that those who carry it out are citizens or permanent residents of a given country and who inflict violence and intimidation against their fellow citizens or permanent residents in the pursuit of political aims (Sharpe, 2000, p. 606). In that sense, dome stic terrorism may also be called homegrown terrorism. Perhaps the best, and mostRead MoreTerrorism Influences1537 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism Influences The history of terrorism has affected governments, communities, businesses and individuals. Terrorism has been around for thousands of years but the term was not developed until the French Revolution. Underlying conditions such as corruption, poverty, and religious conflict create opportunities for terrorists to exploit and take advantage of. Some of these conditions are real and some are made-up. 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In â€Å"Global Terror and the Rise of Xenophobia/Islamophobia,† Muhammad Saffer Awan (2010) revealed that many reporters, writers, and educators have used the events of 9/11 as an excuse to intensify the hostility towards Muslims and reconstruct the concept of Islam as a backward religion. He gives the example of a short story, â€Å"The Last DaysRead MoreThe First Wave Of Terrorism1740 Words   |  7 Pagesscholarly debate on the concept of â€Å"new† and ‘old’ terrorism, where ‘new’ terrorism phenomenon is predominately linked with ‘religious’ terrorism. David Rapoport, also known as one of the most well known founding figures of terrorism studies, joined UCLA in 1962 as a political theorist and later he became a founder and editor of Terrorism and Political Violence (UCLA). 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Disease Surveillance Free Essays

Disease surveillance is defined as the systematic data collection, data analysis and interpretation of the results in order to enable effective planning in the aspect of disease control. It enables infectious diseases to be detected early so that their potential threat to the public is minimized. The threats may be due to cases of food borne infections, bioterrorism and communicable diseases (Lombardo and Buckeridge, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Disease Surveillance or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are several systems and networks that have been put in place in order to help in the surveillance of infectious diseases. Disease surveillance also requires the collaboration of different partners and officials, an effective communication system and reliable laboratory networks in order to be effective. BioSense involves the use of syndromic data derived from different electronic sources. This improves the speed at which disease is detected. It enables outbreaks to be detected early enough before they lead to serious problems. It has been applied in different sectors by the state such as to detect any cases of bioterrorism and other threats that may put the lives of the citizens in danger. This system has been employed by CDC (United States Government Accountability Office, 2004). Electronic Laboratory Exchange Networks (eLEXNET) is a surveillance system used in food safety. It is a web-based system used in state, federal and even local agencies. It enables the collaboration of both the government and health officials in that the data regarding food safety is shared and therefore the potential risk of a possible outbreak of food borne diseases is detected early enough (United States Government Accountability Office, 2004). The other type of syndromic system is the Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community based Epidemics (ESSENCE). It relies on data that is got from hospitals, dispensaries and clinics. This data is collected daily and assist in the tracking of the common syndromes found in a particular area. Historical data is also helpful in this system since it acts as a starting point for the epidemiologists. The officials can also pin point the specific area or region with a high number of a certain syndrome through the use of a geographic information system (United States Government Accountability Office, 2004). Epidemic Information Exchange (Epi-X) is a web based communication system usually used by CDC. It enables the sharing of information with the state, federal and other pubic health officials. It is an effective system since it enables the authorized users to share information and get feedbacks on every issue such as the efforts put in place for the control of infectious diseases (United States Government Accountability Office, 2004). Food borne Disease Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) is a system which is designed to respond to any new food borne disease that is of public importance. It also monitors the trend and identifies the specific sources of these diseases. It is a more reliable and an accurate system in the estimation of incidences of these diseases (United States Government Accountability Office, 2004). Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) enable keen surveillance of diseases which have either been confirmed or rumored. It is mostly used by WHO in the surveillance of diseases that are of worldwide importance. The information is gotten from different sources such as the media, institutions and health ministries in different countries (United States Government Accountability Office, 2004). Other systems that have also been used include Global Public Health Intelligence (GPHIN), Health Alert Network (HAN), Laboratory Response Network (LRN), National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS), National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS), National Retail Data Monitor (NRDM), Real Time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance (RODS) and Sexually Transmitted Disease Management Information System (STDMIS) (United States Government Accountability Office, 2004). These systems require a number of key factors in order for disease surveillance to be effective. First, the source of data must be reliable to enable the accurate and fast response during surveillance. The data is the baseline for surveillance as seen in all the systems above such as ESSENCE and BioSense. Therefore, surveillance cannot be possible without data. Secondly, effective communication networks which enables the information to be shared with other partners such as the state, federal and public health officials. References Lombardo, J.S. Buckeridge, D.L. (2007).Disease Surveillance: A Public Health Informatics Approach. New Jersey: John Wiley sons, Inc. United States Government Accountability Office. (2004). Emerging Infectious Diseases: Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of State and Federal Disease Surveillance Efforts. Retrieved on 12th May 2010 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04877.pdf How to cite Disease Surveillance, Papers

Gun Control Claim Essay Example For Students

Gun Control Claim Essay Argument PaperOver the last twenty years, a large amount of effort and money has been spent overlegislation regarding gun control. Gun control advocates maintained that increased gun controlcould reduce the soaring crime rates of the early 70s. However, most of the arguments used forgun control are the result of careful manipulation of data and emotional appeal. These mythsare twisted by our liberal media until they are seen as the truth. However, despite the claims ofgun control activists, gun control does not reduce crime, it leaves law abiding citizensincreasingly vulnerable to violent crime. One common claim of gun control advocates is that gun control in foreign countries,notably Great Britain, is responsible for their lower crime rates. They present statistics showingthat Britain has lower murder rates than America, but skip some other interesting information. First, the gun control methods used in Britain include searches and other checks foundunconstitutional in America. Also, the British are far more successful than Americans inprosecuting criminals. For instance, 20% of robberies reported in London end in conviction,compared to only 5% in New York City (Ten Myths 5). In a broader sense, consider that despite the fact that in a typical year about 8.1 millionviolent crimes will be committed in America, only 724 thousand will be arrested. Of those, only150 thousand will receive prison sentences, and over 36 thousand will serve less than one yearterms. The biggest problem in America is our revolving door justice system (Ten Myths 3). Despite the efficiency of British investigative procedures, the British armed robbery ratehas never been less than twice the highest recorded before the gun control laws took effect in1920. In fact, over the last twelve years, the British armed robbery rate has increased anastonishing 300% while the American rate has dropped (Ten Myths 5). Also, from 1930 to 1975,the British murder rate has increased 50% while the American murder rate rose 30%. Anotherforeign nation, Jamaica, totally prohibited gun ownership in 1974. By 1980, Jamaicas gunmurder rate was six times that of Washington D.C., which has the highest rate of any Americancity. However, Switzerland, Israel, Denmark and Finland, all of whom have a higher gunownership rate than America, all have lower crime rates than America, in fact, their crime ratesare among the lowest in the Western World (Bender 148). Granting gun owners more freedom to carry their weapons responsibly has not causedAmericas crime rate to increase! Rather, American crime has been shown to decrease whenmore freedom is allowed. In 1996, the University of Chicago Law School conducted a study ofthe crime rates of every county in America over the last fifteen years and determined that violentcrime fell after states made it legal to carry concealed weapons, with murder rates dropping8.5%, rapes by 5%, aggravated assaults by 7%, and robberies by 3%. Overall, it is estimated that1.5 to 2.5 million people use guns for defense in America every year, saving society up to 38.9billion dollars annually (Pratt 16A). Another fabrication of gun control advocates is that gun control would reduce crimes ofpassion, in which a person kills a family member in a fit of rage. However, 90% of allhomicides involving family members killed by other family members are preceded by violencethat caused such a disturbance that police were summoned. Professor James Wright of theUniversity of Massachusetts conducted a study of crimes of passion and determined that themurders were, the culminating event in a long history of interpersonal violence between theparties. He elaborated, noting that, The common pattern, the more common pattern, is forwives to shoot their husbands. Proportionately, men kill their women by other means, morebrutal means, more degrading means. To deny that woman the right to own the firearm is, in asense, to guarantee in perpetuity to her husband the right to beat her at will (Ten Myths 6). Professor Wright, with Professor Peter Rossi, conducted another landmark study of 1800criminals that disproves another myth, namely that handguns are not an effective means ofdeterrence and protection. In the study, 85% of criminals felt a smart criminal would try todetermine if his potential victim was armed. 75% of burglars avoided homes that were occupiedfor fear of being shot. 80% of handgun predators encountered armed citizens, and 57% ofthem were scared off by shots from armed citizens. In fact 60% of criminals fear armed citizensmore than police (Ten Myths 4). It is with good reason that criminals fear armed citizens. In a typical year, armed citizenskill between 1,500 to 2,800 felons in excusable self-defense and justifiably wound 8,000 to16,000. Police kill 300 to 600 criminals per year justifiably.(Ten Myths 4) Despite the large gapbetween police and citizen killings of criminals, citizens have better judgment, mistakenly killingonly 30 innocent people per year, compared to 330 people police kill in the United States peryear. Also, criminals succeed in disarming citizens in less than 1% of encounters (NCPACRIME 1). For these reasons, handguns are effective deterrents to crime. In addition, defense doesnot require anyone to be hurt. In fact, 98% of protection cases involves the citizen eitherbrandishing his gun or firing warning shots into the air. Even among criminals, protection fromother criminals is the number one reason for possessing a gun (NCPA CRIME 1). Radiology best flashThe reason gun control fails should be obvious to an intelligent person. Since a criminaldoes not, by definition, obey laws, gun control cannot hope to be applied to them as they willaccess their guns by criminal means. These same laws will leave a law abiding citizen almosttotally defenseless as the law provides them no means of protection. Meanwhile, criminals, whoare often not oblivious to the news, will be emboldened by the knowledge that their potentialvictims have no means of defense. Plainly, gun violence is a problem in America, but if gun control does not work, whatwill? The answer is laws adding extra punishments for criminal use of guns. This targets thecriminal element of society while protecting those citizens who own guns for lawful purposes. Furthermore, these laws work. Virginias murder and robbery rates dropped 31 and 23% respectively in fourteen yearsafter the passage of mandatory penalties for firearms offenders. Arkansass homicide ratedropped 25% in fifteen years and Delawares homicide rate dropped 42% in thirteen years aftermandatory penalties were legislated Delaware also recorded a 52% drop in robberies over thesame period (Ten Myths 11). These figures show that mandatory sentences help to reduce armed violence by sending aclear message to criminals: criminal misuse of a firearm will not be tolerated and will be swiftlyand severely punished. Coupled with the deterrence value of armed citizens, these laws reducecrime by introducing to the criminal the possibility of longer jail terms, wounds, or even death. Another solution to the problem of handgun violence is to make gun locks, vaults, andother safety devices a tax-deductible purchase. This would give gun owners an incentive to storetheir guns in safer conditions while reducing the rate of people who are killed either by accidentsor stolen guns. Any funds lost by the government through such a program would almostcertainly be recouped in savings from the prevention of accidental deaths. Gun owners wouldalmost certainly respond positively to such action, given that when Florida offered free gun locksto citizens, they ran out within days and were left scrambling for more (Rogers). Especially after the tragedy of Littleton, it is important to remember that gun control mustbe viewed in a rational and thoughtful manner in which logic and the facts are not overwhelmedby emotion. As the research and presentation of the author demonstrate, the facts speak forthemselves. Gun control is a misdirected attempt to curtail criminals by stripping the law abidingof the ability to arm themselves for protection. Gun control often has no measurable effect oncrime, and when the effect can be measured, it often reveals an increase in the crime rate. Furthermore, gun control would reduce funds for the apprehension of criminals, reduce theeffectiveness of police forces, waste millions, perhaps billions of dollars, and serve as a possiblemeans for tyranny to stamp out any possible resistance. Therefore, gun control should be viewed not as a solution, but as a catalyst for furtherincreases in violence and lawlessness in America. Any law that aims to punish the criminal atthe expense of the law abiding is doomed to failure. Current efforts to punish gun makers for themisuse of guns is comparable to suing auto makers for the deaths caused by drunk drivers. Careful review of the facts reveals that what is needed in America is not gun control, butcommon sense coupled with a better concept: criminal control. OutlineThesis: Despite the claims of gun control activists, gun control does not reduce crime. I. IntroductionII. Myths of Gun ControlA. Foreign gun control worksB. Gun control reduces crimes of passionC. Criminals do not fear armed citizensD. Guns contribute to crimeE. Criminals are constitutionally exempt from gun controlF. American favor gun controlG. Police support gun controlH. Registry is a harmless aspect of gun controlI.Gun control reduces crimeIII. ConclusionA. SolutionsB. Final analysis and personal observations LIST OF WORKS CITEDBender, David ed. Would Gun Control Reduce Crime? St. Paul: Greenhaven Press, 1984. Matza, Michael. Do more guns mean less crime? No point blank answers Philadelphia Enquirer 31 May, 1998. NCPA Crime Summary. Available (Online) http://www.arcrafts.com/think/Essays/NCPACrime.html. 4 April 1999. Pratt, Larry. Concealed guns save lives. USA Today. 26 April, 1999. natl. ed. Rogers, Bill. Gun Locks Go Faster Than Police Can Hand Them Out. Naples Daily News. 27March, 1998, natl. ed. Ten Myths About Gun Control. Available (Online)http://www.arcrafts.com/think/Essays/Ten.html. 4 April 1999.

Acid-Base Titration Lab Report Sample

Acid-Base Titration Lab Report Paper Noah solution will be required to titrate 1. G of potassium hydrogen phthalate to the annihilate endpoint. 3) use brotherly blue or phenolphthalein. Week 2 1) Determine the military of the Noah prepared from precedent week. 2) Estimate how many mils of Noah solution will be required to reach the brotherly blue endpoint. 3) Identify the antacid preparation that will be used. Procedures 1) Preparation and standardization of Noah l. Prepare Noah solution by using stock MM Noah_ prepare 6-mm of a 0. 5 M Noah. 2. Weigh a sample of potassium hydrogen (KIP) between 1. 1 to 13 gram. Dissolve the KIP by adding SO m I of water _ Swirl to complete solution. 4. Titrate be as accurate as possible, repeat titration several times. Preparation and standardization of HCI. 1. Prepare hydrochloric acid stock solution. 2. Measure out a sample Of HCI. Use a 10 ml volumetric pipette to transfer solution to flask and add indicator. 3. Perform titration. 3) Antacid Titration 1. Measure out the amount of sample decided 2) 2. Add an excess Of acid. We will write a custom essay sample on Acid-Base Titration Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Acid-Base Titration Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Acid-Base Titration Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Stress and Strain Essay Example

Stress and Strain Essay Example Stress and Strain Essay Stress and Strain Essay Several mechanical properties of materials that are important in design are ascertained by applying tension, compression or shear load on the material.     Of the three, the most common mechanical stress-strain tests are performed in tension (Callister, 1997).   When performing tensile tests, the load and elongation are measured in relation to the cross-sectional area or original length of the material (before the elongation).   These geometric factors are normalized to the respective parameters of engineering stress and engineering strain.When a specimen has an original cross-sectional area Ao and original length lo is subjected to a uniaxial force F, engineering stress ? and engineering strain ? (which are subsequently referred to as just stress and strain) are defined as:   and   where l is the instantaneous length of the specimen (Schaffer, et. al, 1999).   For some materials, especially for most metals, subjected to low levels of tensile load, stress and strain are linearly related.   The linear relationship is referred to as Hooke’s law. As the stress is increased however, Hooke’s law ceases to be applicable as the linear relationship between stress and strain results to a curve.   At this instant plastic deformation occurs, which means that the deformation becomes permanent and nonrecoverable (Callister, 1997).   When stress is increased further, it will reach a maximum before resulting to fracture (the separation of the material into two or more pieces).   The maximum stress on the stress-strain curve is referred to as tensile strength and is the maximum stress that can be sustained by a material in tension.   When this stress is maintained, fracture will result.Compression tests are also done in almost the same manner as the tensile test except of course the force applied is compressive instead of tensile (Callister, 1997).   Compressive stress and strain are computed using the same formula presented above.   B y convention, compressive force is taken to be negative which results to a negative stress.   In compression, since lo will be greater than l, the strain will likewise be negative.   And just like tensile strength, compressive strength is the maximum compressive stress applied to a material which when sustained results to the material being crushed.

Corporate Strategy - HSBC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Strategy - HSBC - Essay Example The economic activities have accelerated in the current century, the economic opportunities have been explored, and wealth proportion has expanded instead of getting more concentrated. The HSBC therefore adopted a policy of variance, aimed at adaptability towards economic progression. The economic expansion and rapid circulation of wealth intensified the activities of the banking sector, and for the procurement of its share, the HSBC broadened the horizon of its banking facilities. The requirements and the expectations of the consumers revolutionized, and for this purpose the banking sector was compelled to adopt and introduce set of revised and modified scheme which primarily focused on lending services, the deposition activities although gained a massive momentum, but the contribution in this regard was mainly from the wealthy people, the lending services were sought by the industries, corporate world and the major portion of society. Initially the banking institute was reluctant to adopt the concept of accountability and transparency, but once the population of the consumers rose, and the banking institute developed linkages with different clients, the bank was forced to ensure that accountability and transparency is practiced in all its form. The economic expansion did not only broaden the horizon for the HSBC, rather the other banking institutes also strengthen and received an equal opportunity for procurement of contracts and opportunities. The HSBC ther efore had to intensify the implementation of its plan in the wake of economic expansion, and rising competition. The HSBC developed an strategy, previously when the economic activities were sluggish, the bank focused on the areas where the community sought financial assistance and safeguard for the deposition of their money and other valuables, lately when the technological revolution improved the qualitative and the quantitative standards of living, the bank adopted an entirely different strategy to overcome the needs of the customers, not by offering to them what they require, but by offering to the customers all which they should inherit in this period of technological development, so that the improved quality standards can be availed by the customers. The bank focused from routine operation to an arena of innovation, where the need was never felt but generated to apprise the customers about the qualitative enhancement of life, through different financial schemes. Financial scheme has been another area where the banking institute adopted subjective approach, and tried to offer variety of financial awards and offers to facilitate the customers in return for nominal interest rate. The institute explored the areas, and converged in those where the public interest was dominant. Previously the banking institute expressed their reluctance towards plans of investment for the incorporation of financial modalities and services, aimed at fostering ties with the customers. With the passage of time, the HSBC adopted and

The crime control methods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The crime control methods - Research Paper Example According to the research findings since police initiated computerized crime analysis, identification of crime trends in the cities is significantly easy. Police use accuracy of computers to focus patrol resources on times and places that crime do take place. As Lawrence portrays in his work, if there is more patrol on at â€Å"hot spots† and â€Å"hot times† of criminal commotions, there would be less occurrence of crime at those places. When police have an idea of where certain criminals hood and engage in illegal drug, it would be more effective than just wandering about looking for criminals. This introduces the emergence of hot spots policing traced from improvement of computerized mapping and database technologies that deals with criminals who illegally possess guns and those involved in illegal drug business as Weisburd and Braga found. Directed patrol reduces gun crime. Indianapolis Police Department (IPD) tried out this method and results were welcoming. They a pplied directed patrol method in two police districts, which had occurrences of violent crime. These crimes included illegal possession of guns and drugs trafficking amongst many others as indicated in report done by Edmund, Steven and Alexander. Deferred sentencing refers to a sentence postponed for a certain period as a guilty drug offender undergoes probation. Shouse Law Group observes that nonviolent drug offenders benefit a lot from treatment and education as compared to jail and criminal record. This method is effective in rehabilitating the offenders. While on probation, the drug offenders undergo regular treatment and this makes them show health improvement. Instead of subjecting drug offenders to harsh treatment in jail, deferred sentencing is an alternative that proves to be more effective. Chemical Castration for Sex offenders as a Crime Control Method There are many sex offenders that exist all over the world. They include among other rapists, pedophiles and exhibitionis ts. Other offenders are individuals that molest children. Such people commit a shameful sex offence and surprisingly, the number of these individuals is enormously large. Their crime inflict fear into the general public and a real threat to them those who live in the neighborhood. Chemical castration is all about administering Depo-Provera that reduces the level of the hormone testosterone. As a result, recidivism rate falls. It is an alternative punishment to pedophiles rather than taking them to prison where they might sneak out and go scot free. Considering sex crimes that men impose on women and children, chemical castration is an ideal form of punishment even though some may complain it is a cruel mode of punishment. Student Behavior Modification Program as a Crime Control Method It is a clear fact that students involve themselves in criminal offenses of different categories. The crimes they commit portray an appalling picture of them to the general public. They become a proble m to police and a threat to vulnerable individuals who cannot tolerate any kinds of mischievous behavior. However, existence of schools where these students study is an

Ancient Civilizations in China: History and Culture

Ancient Civilizations in China: History and Culture Ancient China is Located in Asia. It has the oldest surviving civilization in the world. Most people talk about other civilizations, such as; Egypt, or Rome. Ancient China has a very interesting history. In Ancient China, they had a total of 11 dynasties. No one is sure of when exactly it began, but roughly from 4000-5000 years. The aspects this essay will focus on are education, social classes, and art and architecture. Agriculture in China was is part of social classes, everyone- except the royal families- has jobs to do, and most people are farmers and silk makers, or have any other hard working job. In ancient China, there is lots of different architecture, and they are all based on their history and their rulers. In China the roofs of most buildings, were curved. It was not just because of structural use, but it had a symbolic significance. And by being tiled, it shows as a sign of wealth. And the reason they are curved is because they protected the inhabitants from evil spirits, which were believed to travel in straight lines. In China a buildings roof was normally put up before the walls. It was supported on purlins (horizontal beams) and crossbeams resting on columns rather than on triangular roof tresses. The walls which were made of wooden panels or brick were filled in later and were not load-bearing to any large extent. This system gave Chinese architects freedom to think about different silhouettes for their buildings. Another thing that is created in China, is silk. Silk is made from silk worms. You must unravel, spin and weave their cocoons. You must first take the cocoon of the silk worms, and then connect it to the machine that pulls the silk of the cocoon by a thread. Then once the silk is all off the cocoon (its still wet), they take all the wool together and put it on a curved metal rod, which stretches the wool, also they leave it to dry there. Then they have some people hold all sides of it and stretch it out till it is roughly the size of a single bed. And then they cover it. The more advanced the cocoon is, the thicker the silk is. This could be the job of many farmers. I think ancient Chinas art and architecture is always something to do with their beliefs or rulers. Social classes were very important in ancient China, The Chinese believed that strict social groups and people should behave according to their social position.  This belief that strict social groups and people should behave according to their social position, was proven by Confucius, a Chinese philosopher. Under the emperor, there were four social classes in China. The four classes were nobles officials, peasants, artisans and merchants.   The emperor and his family were the top class in China. Emperors believed that they were chosen by heaven and therefore didnt need to obey humans. An emperor expected his subjects to be loyal and obedient. The noble class in ancient China was very privileged. Nobles were usually the extended family of the emperor and empress and those people that excelled in their fields, mostly in the military. The status of nobles, however, changed often depending on who gained or fell out of favor with the emperor. When a new emperor came to power, it was common for him to favor a new set of nobles. They often became land owners so they could collect taxes from the people who lived on their land, which made them richer. If the nobles gave some of their income to the emperor, they would receive privileges and were afforded some protection in return. If nobles committed a crime that would result in them being sentenced to death, the emperor could grant them a special favor that would allow them to commit suicide, which they considered a much more honorable death. Officials were another group that had high social status in ancient China. Boys whose families could afford to send them to school began their education at an early age to become officials and were prepared to pass a difficult exam. If they didnt pass, they were usually still able to find jobs since they were considered well educated. Officials were arranged in ranks. The two most senior officials acted as advisers to the emperor. Most officials lived very comfortably and were well-respected because of their position and education. Peasants Even though peasant farmers in ancient China were one of the lowest social classes, they were still considered important because they produced the food for the rest of the society. Most peasants were very poor and led simple lives. They worked very hard and hardly ever had a day off. Peasant men worked in the fields and had to tolerate harsh conditions. They worked through the burning heat of summer and the extreme cold of winter. The harsh conditions could also spoil their crops and land, which has consumed most of their time. If the crops were spoilt, poor families had very little to survive on during the winter. If women wove and sewed cloth, they could help provide clothes for their families and they could sell any excess items to earn more money. Even the poorest peasants had to pay taxes, even if their crops were not successful. This left many families, during the winter months, with little to eat.   Artisans were part of the normal class and included painters, carpenters, potters and jewelry makers. Artisans made more than farmers but less than the merchants. They didnt have a good social status but they were respected for their skills. Metalworkers became very important during the Han period. Metalworkers produced weapons and many useful everyday objects, like cooking pots. Weavers worked with silk, which was very valuable. The merchant class included traders, animal breeders and money loaners. Merchants were thought of as the lowest social class in ancient China. Even though they have a low social status, some merchants became very rich and lived in luxury. .During the Han dynasty, some merchants became so rich that they might have been a threat to the emperor and the nobles. The richest merchants attained their wealth by investing money in land and properties. Several merchants, though, were not as wealthy. In order to limit their wealth, merchants had certain restrictions placed on them. Such restrictions included paying heavy taxes and being sent away to join the army. Slaves had existed in ancient China, but they made a very small percentage of the population. Some slaves were relatives of criminals while other sold themselves or their children as slaves if they were very poor. Ancient China appears to be very serious about social classes. In fact, I think everybodys lives ruled around their class. Most of the children in ancient China never got a chance to go to school at all. They had to work hard in the fields, feeding the  animals, weeding the vegetables, planting  rice, or taking care of their  little brothers or sisters. But if you were a boy, and your father could have spared you from the fields, he would send you to school. Beginning in the  Han Dynasty, many schools used to be free, and the emperor paid for their fees. If there were no schools in your village, you might have had to go live with relatives or with strangers in another bigger town. Boys would normally start school when they were six years old. Primary schools were very small, and only had one teacher for the whole school. There was one chair for the teacher, but all the boys had to sit on stools. You were supposed to go to school every day, without weekends, from 6:00 in the morning until about 4:00 in the afternoon. They didnt have math lessons, or science. You learned how to  read and write, a nd then you memorized many pages of  Confucian philosophy  and learned how to write essays and poetry, and how to  paint pictures. Then, you stayed at this school until you were sixteen or seventeen, which is when you are ready for the first examinations. Education in China was quite important, since it was what their futures depended on. If they were not educated, they would most likely work at farms, or work for others in a low social state (if they were not rich). When they are educated, it gave the people a chance at having a better life. Maybe they would be assisting the royal families, and not as a slave. They could be advisors, or maybe even teachers. I think they needed education quite a lot, in order to be anything big in life. I think ancient China is very interesting and complicated. I think the past was quite hard as it seems most people, if they are not rich or dont have any royal relations, dont get any special treatment, in fact, they barely get and good treatment at all. They had seemed to have lead interesting lives and have various beliefs. Their civilization lasted for a very long time, and they have a very developed society ever since it had started. Bibliography Allan, Tony.  Ancient China. New York: Chelsea House, 2007. Print. Allison, Amy.  Life in Ancient China. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 2001. Print. Ancient China Social Classes.  Translation Services | Interpreters | Intercultural Communication | Cross Cultural Training. Web. 17 May 2010. . Chinese Roofs.  Oracle ThinkQuest Library. Web. 4 May 2010. . Eyewitness Travel Guide China.  Dk Pub, 2010. Print. History of Education in China.  Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 16 May 2010. . History of Silk.  Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 22 Apr. 2010. . Http://homepage.mac.com/zichi/.Pictures/blogger2/silk-worms.jpg Http://seaholmeps.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/chinese-architecture.jpg Http://www.cntravel.biz/China/ancient-China/confucius.gif Http://www.kavehfarrokh.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/terracota-army.jpg http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-14_u-173_t-471_c-1707/social-hierarchy/nsw/history/ancient-societiesChina/ancient-China:-part-i Shang Chou (Zhou) Dynasties Ancient China for Kids.  Ancient China for Kids Main Index. Web. 2 May 2010. . Ten Laments Technology and Education in Ancient China.  Logoi.com An Educational Site about Cultures, Languages and History. Web. 17 May 2010. .

Speech–> Sensation and Judgement

Sensation is the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system. It is the registration of information. Judgment is the evaluation of evidence in the making of a decision and it is the interpretation of information. When we talk about physical cleanliness, what will be come up is the medical benefits which we may be get rid of sick when we have a good physical cleanliness. Actually, cleanliness is shared by all people in the society.While physical cleanliness and moral purity are highly encouraged by religions which they feel that they are purified from their wrongdoing with physical cleansing. Elder Vandenberg: There is an alliance between physical cleanliness and spiritual cleanliness. It is suggested that one’s moral standing will be changed when there is confusion between moral and physical purity. Here comes to the comparison between our results and the original results took in the University of Toronto.We find out that the scor es in the original results all negative while we have some positive scores for instance the issue of homosexuality and obesity. In addition, we have calculated the average score and we find out that the average score of the original results is -1. 56 while ours is -0. 7. Our average score is a bit higher which suggest that the students in hku that we have conducted license a comparatively not harsh judgment to those immoral issues. Conclusion Different condition of both physical and mental cleanliness can shift our moral from pendulum to moral virtuous which affect moral judgment * Physical cleansing was found to alleviate and restore moral self-condemnation and moral self image as they felt they are purified * Moral self-perception can license a harsher moral judgment * Clean self links to a virtuous self clean person feels dirt-free who is morally untainted * Unclean self links to wicked self Unclean person feels dirty who is morally tolerant

Enjoying Your Car and Saving Money

Cars tend to break down at the worst possible times. Sometimes they will break when you are on your way to an important meeting or when you are running low on money. This gets very frustrating and the older your car gets or the worse you take care of it, the more often this will happen. There is however a fairly easy solution to this. If you learn the basics of how a car works and what kind of care it needs then you can keep it in better shape and keep money in your pockets. The first thing you should learn about is changing the oil. This is one of the simplest preventative maintenance tasks you can perform on your car.It is also an extremely important one. A basic oil changes start around $40 assuming you go to a repair shop or service center such as Meineke or Jiffy Lube, instead of a dealership. This will only cover the cheaper oil and filter, along with a visual inspection of critical parts. You can do this at home for around $20 and about 2 hours of your time but with much bette r results. You can get higher quality oil and filters, which will help extend the life of your vehicle, and the longer you keep a vehicle the more money you save by not having to buy a new car.Also, while you are changing your own oil, you can check the other critical systems in your vehicle. If you take the extra time to really check these systems instead of just glancing at them, like they would at the service centers, you will have a much better idea of how worn out the parts are getting. If you know how much wear and tear is on your parts you will know when to replace them and when they can wait to be replaced. These systems include brake pads and rotors; fluid levels, such as power steering, transmission, brakes, and coolant; and your tires. Another thing you can do to your car is a tune up.Regular tune ups will help your car get better miles per gallon. This will you save money at the pump and help avoid breaking down on the road. Things to replace during a tune up would be sp ark plugs, spark plug wires, air filters, and engine belts. You should also check your service manual and see when they recommend getting services performed on your car. If you are close or over that mileage, you should check those parts. I would recommend that you know what common problems occur on your car as well, so you can be aware of signs of a problem or at least be prepared for that happening to your car.When fixing anything on your car I find it is extremely helpful to have a repair manual to reference in case you need a little extra guidance or do not know if something needs to be replaced. They run about $15 at your local auto parts store, and will tell you the correct way to fix almost anything on your car. Having a professional manual will save you lot of time by making sure it is done correctly the first time. These are just some of the basics that you can do to your car. Once you get comfortable doing work on your car you will be able to tackle bigger projects, like m ajor damage, or adding something custom to your car.A quick search online will help you find tons of information on car repairs, from the basics all the way to crazy custom engine swaps. For most common cars there are online forums where people from all over the world come to talk about specific cars. These are always full of tons of information about that specific car. You can post up a question and members of the forums are always happy to help fellow car enthusiasts. Once you start working on your car and see firsthand how simple it is to do most car repairs in your driveway you will wonder why you ever paid someone else to do it for you.

What Is the Power Set

One question in set theory is whether a set is a subset of another set. A subset of A is a set which is formed by using some of the elements from the set A. In order for B to be a subset of A, every element of B must also be an element of A. Every set has several subsets. Sometimes it is desirable to know all of the subsets that are possible. A construction known as the power set helps in this endeavor. The power set of the set A is a set with elements that are also sets. This power set formed by including all of the subsets of a given set A. Example 1 We will consider two examples of power sets. For the first, if we begin with the set A {1, 2, 3}, then what is the power set? We continue by listing all of the subsets of A. The empty set is a subset of A. Indeed the empty set is a subset of every set. This is the only subset with no elements of A.The sets {1}, {2}, {3} are the only subsets of A with one element.The sets {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3} are the only subsets of A with two elements.Every set is a subset of itself. Thus A {1, 2, 3} is a subset of A. This is the only subset with three elements. A A A Example 2 For the second example, we will consider the power set of B {1, 2, 3, 4}. Much of what we said above is similar, if not identical now: The empty set and B are both subsets.Since there are four elements of B, there are four subsets with one element: {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}.Since every subset of three elements can be formed by eliminating one element from B and there are four elements, there are four such subsets: {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 4}, {1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}.It remains to determine the subsets with two elements. We are forming a subset of two elements chosen from a set of 4. This is a combination and there are C (4, 2 ) 6 of these combinations. The subsets are: {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}. B B Notation There are two ways that the power set of a set A is denoted. One way to denote this is use the symbol P( A), where sometimes this letter P is written with a stylized script. Another notation for the power set of A is 2A. This notation is used to connect the power set to the number of elements in the power set. Size of the Power Set We will examine this notation further. If A is a finite set with n elements, then its power set P( A ) will have 2n elements. If we are working with an infinite set, then it is not helpful to think of 2n elements. However, a theorem of Cantor tells us that the cardinality of a set and its power set cannot be the same. It was an open question in mathematics whether the cardinality of the power set of a countably infinite set matches the cardinality of the reals. The resolution of this question is quite technical, but says that we may choose to make this identification of cardinalities or not. Both lead to a consistent mathematical theory. Power Sets in Probability The subject of probability is based upon set theory. Instead of referring to universal sets and subsets, we instead talk about sample spaces and events. Sometimes when working with a sample space, we wish to determine the events of that sample space. The power set of the sample space that we have will give us all possible events.